2012 (63) November (7) Microbiology of sewage and water purification (purification ... Microbiology

Treated wastewater secondary methods sperrys can usually sperrys be released into rivers and streams. However, such water is not drinkable (not safe for human consumption). The production of drinking water requires treatment to remove potential pathogens, remove the taste and odor, reduce troublesome chemicals sperrys such as iron and manganese, and reduce turbidity, which is a measure of suspended solids. Suspended sperrys solids are small particles of solid pollutants that resist separation by natural means regular.
Raw water (also called sperrys untreated water) is pumped first from the source, to the sedimentation basin, where added polymers أنيونية, aluminum sulfate and chlorine. Sediment containing dust, sand, metal particles, and other large molecules, settle down. Sediment-free water then is pumped to the precipitator or coagulation sperrys Basin, which is a large tank Remember where coagulation occurs. Aluminum sulfate and anionic polymers are large molecules of suspended solids sperrys most smaller. After mixing, the particles continue to interact, form large blocks grouped, a process called flocculation. Large aggregate particles (floc) settle by gravity, limit micro-organisms and absorb organic matter suspended sediments.
After coagulation and flocculation, filtered sperrys water filtration sperrys pass through a series of filters designed to remove dissolved organic materials and inorganic, in addition to any stuck particles and micro-organisms. Typically candidates include thick layers of sand, activated charcoal, and media filtration ion exchange. When combined with the previous sperrys purification steps, filtered water free of all particulate matter, most organic chemicals and inorganic, and almost all microorganisms.
Filtered water, the refinery must then be purified before it launches sperrys as a final water supply system for drinking pure. Chlorination is the most common way of cleansing. In sufficient doses, chlorine kills most microorganisms within 30 minutes. Brocista nurse a few such as كريبتوسبوريديوم, Cryptosporidium, however, is not easily kill chlorination treatment. In addition to killing microorganisms, chlorine oxidizing and effectively neutralizes many of the organic compounds, improves sperrys the taste and odor of the water because most of the chemicals produced for taste and smell are organic sperrys compounds. Chlorine is added to water either from the concentrated solution of sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite, sperrys or as a chlorine gas from compressed tanks. Chlorine gas is generally used in large water treatment plants because it is more susceptible to automatic control.
Consumes when chlorine sperrys reacts with organic materials. So, large amounts sperrys of chlorine sperrys must be added to water containing organic materials in order to keep a small amount, called sperrys residual chlorine. Residual chlorine reacts to kill any remaining microorganisms. Water plant operator being chlorine tests on the treated water to determine the concentration of chlorine to be added. Concentration of 0.2 - 0.6 micrograms / ml of residual chlorine is suitable for most of the water supply. After chlorination, drinking water pumped to the storage tanks, which flows by gravity or is pumped through the distribution system of storage tanks and supply lines to the consumer. Residual chlorine concentrations to ensure that the final water will reach the consumer without sperrys becoming contaminated (assuming that there is a catastrophic failure, such as broken pipes in the distribution system). Chlorine gas, even when dissolved in water, is highly volatile and fades within hours of the treated water.
UV is also used as an effective means of disinfection. UV rays are used to dealing with secondary treated effluent from water treatment sperrys plants. In Europe, the UV are generally used for drinking water applications and take into consideration for use in the United States. For the purposes of cleansing, UV born of mercury vapor lamps. Its main produce at 253.7 nm, the wavelength, which kills bacteria and viruses. However, the application of a standard sperrys UV does not kill bags and bags ovale for Brocista sperrys such as Giardia Giardia and Cryptosporidium, an important eukaryotic pathogens in the water.
There are many benefits when used UV more than chemical disinfection procedures such as chlorination. First, sperrys UV is a physical process do not enter any chemicals to the water. Secondly, the short contact time allows sperrys it to be used in existing flow systems, maintains the main cost is very low. Third, many studies indicated that it does not constitute a cross from cleansing products. Especially in small systems where the final water not pumped long distances or kept for long periods of time (reduce the need for chlorine residual). UV disinfection probably better than chlorination.
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